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His/Her Serene Highness (abbreviation: HSH) is a style used today by the reigning families of Liechtenstein and Monaco. Until 1918 it was also associated with the princely titles of members of some German ruling and mediatised dynasties, and with a few princely but non-ruling families. It was also the form of address used for cadet members of the dynasties of France, Italy, Russia and Ernestine Saxony under their monarchies. Additionally, the treatment was granted for some, but not all, princely yet non-reigning families of Bohemia, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania and Russia by emperors or popes. In a number of older English dictionaries, ''serene'' as used in this context means ''supreme''; ''royal''; ''august''; ''marked by majestic dignity or grandeur''; or ''high or supremely dignified.'' The style ''Serene Highness,'' as a manner of address, has an antiquity lower to that of ''Highness'' throughout Europe, excluding the Latin language countries. ==German-speaking lands== The current, legal usage of the style in the German-speaking countries is confined to the Princely Family of Liechtenstein, the entirety of which bears the treatment. The German term is ''Durchlaucht'', a translation of the Latin ''(su)perillustris''. This is usually translated into English as ''Serene Highness'', however, it would be more literal to translate it as ''superior to, above, beyond or greater than illustrious'', as it is an augmentation of ''Erlaucht'' ("illustrious"), which was accorded to immediate counts (''Reichsgrafen'') of the Holy Roman Empire and by mediatised counts of the German Confederation and the German Empire. The 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica wryly observes that a perfectly logical English version might be "Your Transparency". In 1375 Emperor Charles IV bestowed the nobiliary style ''Durchlauchtig'' (Most Serene Highness) upon the seven Prince-electors designated by the Golden Bull of 1356. As from 1664 Emperor Leopold I vested all Imperial Princes with the title, it became so common that the Electors like the Archdukes of Austria began to use the superlative address ''Durchlauchtigst''. In the German Empire, the style of ''Serene Highness'' was usually held by princes of lower rank than those who were entitled to ''Highness'' (exceptions were the Wettin cadets of the Ernestine duchies), ''Grand Ducal Highness'', ''Royal Highness'', and ''Imperial Highness''. Therefore, if a woman entitled to the treatment of ''Royal Highness'' married a man who was addressed only as ''Serene Highness'', the woman usually retained her pre-marital style. In 1905 Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria granted the style of ''Durchlaucht'' to members of virtually every family which had held the title of prince in the former Holy Roman Empire, even if the family had never exercised sovereignty. In the German and Austrian empires of the 19th and 20th centuries, the style ''Serene Highness'' was also officially borne by: * Cadet branches of the sovereign Ernestine dukes (i.e., Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha);〔''Almanach de Gotha'' (Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1944), pages 111-113, 115〕 * Reigning ''Fürsten'' of the small German realms which survived the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire;:〔''Almanach de Gotha'' (Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1944), pages 73, 94, 97, 98, 121, 124, 126〕 * * Hohenzollern (yielded sovereignty to Hohenzollern kinsman, the King of Prussia, in 1848) * * Lippe * * Reuss * * Schaumburg-Lippe * * Schwarzburg (now extinct) * * Waldeck and Pyrmont * Mediatised princes and dukes (e.g., Ratibor), and, eventually, their family members; * Morganatic princes, descended from reigning dynasties; * Other non-reigning princes of the German nobility, but not (always) their cadets (e.g. the Princes von Bismarck, Carolath-Beuthen, Pless, Wrede). By tradition, ''Durchlaucht'' is still attributed to the princely dynasties which were sovereign until 1917 or had been mediatised under the Austro-Hungarian Empire and German Confederation in 1815, although the usage has been unofficial since 1918. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Serene Highness」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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